Conjugation in bacteria involves which process?

Conjugation in bacteria is primarily characterized by the direct transfer of plasmid DNA between two temporarily joined cells. This mechanism involves a physical connection formed between two bacterial cells, typically through a structure called a pilus. During this process, one cell, known as the donor, transfers a copy of its plasmid DNA to another cell, referred to as the recipient. This transfer allows genetic material to be shared, which can enhance the recipient's traits, such as antibiotic resistance or metabolic capabilities.

The significance of conjugation lies in its role in horizontal gene transfer, a fundamental process contributing to genetic diversity and adaptation among bacterial populations. This contrasts with binary fission, which is a method of asexual reproduction rather than a means of genetic exchange. Likewise, spore formation pertains to a different reproductive strategy and absorption of nutrients relates to cellular metabolism, neither of which involves the sharing of genetic material between bacteria.