How does HPV contribute to cancer?

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) contributes to cancer primarily by introducing its own DNA into the host cell. This viral DNA can integrate into the host's genome, leading to a disruption of normal cellular functions. Specifically, the viral genes can interfere with the regulation of the cell cycle and apoptosis (programmed cell death). This interference can promote uncontrolled cell division and survival of cells that would normally be eliminated, ultimately leading to malignant transformation and cancer development.

The process does not simply cause mutations as a byproduct of DNA injection – rather, it is the specific interaction and integration of the viral DNA that directly alters the cellular mechanisms responsible for growth control. As a result, certain high-risk types of HPV, particularly types 16 and 18, are strongly associated with cervical and other types of cancers.

Other choices, while related to various biological processes, do not accurately represent the mechanism through which HPV contributes to cancer. For instance, the notion of directly causing DNA replication errors emphasizes a different aspect that does not fully capture the role of viral integration and the resultant cellular dysregulation. Increasing estrogen levels and attacking the immune system do not describe the fundamental cancer-promoting actions of HPV as effectively as the introduction of viral DNA into host cells.